ماهنامه معرفت
سال بیست و هشتم شماره 6 (پیاپی 261، شهریور 1398)

In Shiite School, the worldly and political affairs of society have been defined in close connection with the issues of the hereafter. Religion and politics are inseparable and the infallible leaders have been introduced as the most important politicians in the Ummah. Politics in the course of the infallible leaders of Islam has principles that distinguish it from the political systems of the world. In this article, we intend to study the principle of "Avoiding Cruelty and Violence" in the political course of Imam Ali through a narrative and historical method and examining the sources of Islamic history. Imam Ali's statements and letters to the rulers and governors, in particular his letter to Malik al-Ashtar, and also historical narrations indicate that except in the case of law enforcement and the implementation of revelation orders, Imam Ali's effort was to seek justice and to avoid violence and oppression. He was reluctant to seize power and maintain it at any cost, such as bloodshed, suspicion, and the use of sword to compel society to obey

This descriptive-analytical research aims to explain Imam Ali's methods against the mistakes of his agents. In this regard, this article accurately examines several types of mistakes on the part of Imam's agents, and his reaction to them. Studies show that in the face of economic mistakes, the Imam's method was decisive and difficult to deal with. In cultural-social mistakes, i.e. aristocracy, Imam Ali’s choices were reprimand and recommending simple living; against the political mistakes of the agents, if a transgressor had made a mistake because of his ignorance, it was the Imam's way of tolerating and trying to raise the agent's understanding of Islamic politics, but if the mistake was due to malice and incompetence of the person, the method of Imam was reprimand and dismissal of the agent. At the same time, in the Imam's view, preserving the interests of the Islamic state and the principles of religious ruling has been paramount. In the case of military mistakes of the agents, Imam Ali's method was to warn the transgressor and even to temporarily dismiss him to win the war

The world was undergoing epistemic and structural transformation as Islam emerged in various fields. The rule of ignorant culture was prevalent in the Arabian Peninsula, with the emphasis of the Holy Quran (Aal-i-Imraan: 54, Al-Ma’idah: 50, Al-Ahzāb: 33, Fath: 36). Given the historical reports and the fact that the dignity of descending the verses of the Holy Quran does not specify its contents, was the mentioned culture, at the global level (coinciding with the rise of Islam), particularly active in Iran? If so, how was it in the economic realm? This research is a library-based research with the purpose of discovering the historical truth in the field by analyzing the historical data. The output of the descriptive-analytical study of Iranian historical data in the economic dimension reveals the dominance of the components of the ignorant culture that was managed and guided by the Sasanian design. Since the social body was suffering from severe pressures in various fields, especially the economic field, it welcomed it with open arms after becoming familiar with Islam

The West has put forward the doctrine of the looting and colonization of nations' capital as the theory of the end of history; i.e., the West in this theory recalls the evolution of his colonialism. This research seeks to prove that the West in this theory wants to prove his superiority with the intention of looting the nations in his favor. The four colonial theorists, each of them belongs to a period of colonial-type mutation, have theorized for the world of arrogance. But the invalidity of this supremacy is borne out by the rival theory of pure Mohammedan Islam that was revived with the Islamic Revolution in Iran. Of course, the decaying system and the humanism of the West also reached the end of human thought and the scientific stalemate is watching human science

The nationalization of the oil industry is one of the important developments in the contemporary history of Iran. Although national and religious forces have fought together against internal tyranny and foreign colonialism, nationalists have played a greater role in the movement so far, and the role of the ulema in this movement has been less emphasized. Therefore, in this article, it is attempted to study the role and position of the ulema and religious authorities in the nationalization of oil, considering the origins of their political ideas during the movement, using historical sources and a descriptive-analytical approach

The rise of Western Culture and Civilization influence on the Iranians In the historical era of the constitution and the first Pahlavi era, led the Islamic currents to act against Western ideas in various ways in defense of religious beliefs. One of the areas of activity of these currents was the press. The present study aims at answering the question of which religious presses of this period considered their time issues critically. The results of the study show that the press, which differed within themselves, raised numerous issues and criticized Western views. Some of the most important issues raised include: the Western educational and cultural system, women's issues (such as hijab, social participation and women's education and training), Muslim backwardness and its solution, the need for correct up-to-date interpretations of Islamic teachings, and the need for Islamic practice. The research method is a library, quantitative and qualitative findings are analyzed historically